учебно методическое пособие по иностранному языку
Учебно-методическое пособие : Иностранный язык (английский)
Ищем педагогов в команду «Инфоурок»
Министерство образования и науки РФ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Московский государственный университет экономики, статистики и информатики
ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)
Учебно-методическое пособие : Иностранный язык (английский)
Рекомендовано Методическим советом Брянского филиала МЭСИ
Целью данного пособия является формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по экономическим специальностям с целью извлечения информации из англоязычных источников. Поэтому особое внимание уделяется работе над текстом.
Пособие состоит из 8 тем, каждая из которых включает в себя лексику по теме урока, текст для чтения и перевода и вопросы по содержанию текста.
Брянский филиал МЭСИ
Учебно-методическое пособие по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (английский)
Составитель: Забелина О.Ю.
Вёрстка Брянский филиал МЭСИ
г. Брянск, ул. Спартаковская, 112
Печать ….. Тираж 10 экземпляров
г. Брянск, ул. Калинина, 81
Тема 1: «My future profession»
accounting – бухгалтерский учет
to consider – рассматривать
fixed assets – основные средства
2.Read and translate the text:
My future profession is accounting and auditing. Accountancy profession is one
of the most ancient in the world. It appeared 6000 years ago, when primitive
people began to control and register their economic activity. The ancient Egypt is
considered to be a motherland of accounting. And Ancient Greece is well-known
as a birthplace of accounting tools as abacus, just there the first money and coins
In the early 90, when the privatization and various types of ownership forms
widely spread, accounting became the most popular specialty, and now it is in high
demand. Neither huge company and factory nor shops and banks can’t work
without accountant. The accountant does the work of the various types of
accounting: accounting of fixed assets, the cost of production, payment to suppliers
and customers, payroll and taxes. Accountant can work in enterprises of different
ownership forms: public, shareholder, cooperative, private, carries out work on
various types of accounting. The accountant conducts economic analysis of
production processes, as a result he identifies reserves, losses and eliminates non-
productive expenses. While the state exists with tax system and financial reporting,
is fairly stable. No doubts, its character, scope, requirements for specialists are
changing but demand naturally remains. I think that the best candidate for this
profession is a person who has such skills as responsibility, attentiveness, also he
needs not to forget about good memory and logical thinking, he should be good at
math and of course to be keen on accounting.
From childhood I was very keen on math and like to work with numbers,
economy was always interesting sphere for me so I attended economical classes at
high school. When the time came I easily chose the major at university. So I
haven’t complain about my choice yet.
3.Answer the questions:
1. What is the future profession of the main character?
2. What is the history of this profession?
3. Is the work of accountant important or not?
4. What work does the accountant?
1 Active vocabulary:
квалификации; присяжный бухгалтер; аудитор; консультант по налогам
(стадия учета, которая заключается в регистрации хозяйственных операций в
[долгосрочные] активы, основной капитал
2.Read and translate the text:
Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the
measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that helps
managers and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions. Financial
accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by
which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarized,
interpreted, and communicated. Auditing, a related but separate discipline, is the
process whereby an independent auditor examines an organization’s financial
statements in order to express an opinion (with reasonable but not absolute
assurance) as to the fairness and adherence to generally accepted accounting
principles, in all material respects.
Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. Officially licensed
accountants are recognized by titles such as Chartered Accountant (UK) or
Certified Public Accountant (US).
Accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are useful to
managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, or
owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process is known as book-
At the heart of modern financial accounting is the double-entry book-keeping
system. This system involves making at least two entries for every transaction: a
debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another account. The sum of all
debits should always equal the sum of all credits. This provides an easy way to
check for errors. This system was first used in medieval Europe, although some
believe that the system dates back to Ancient Greece.
According to critics of standard accounting practices, it has changed little since.
Accounting reform measures of some kind have been taken in each generation to
attempt to keep book-keeping relevant to capital assets or production capacity.
However, these have not changed the basic principles, which are supposed to be
independent of economics as such.
3.Answer the questions:
1. What is accountancy or accounting?
2. How we call officially licensed accountants?
2. What is auditing?
3. What is the essence of the double-entry book-keeping system?
Тема 3: « Accounting Theory»
algebraically-алгебраически, алгебраическим способом
accounting equation-уравнение баланса, балансовое уравнение
intended use-использование по назначению
income-доход, поступления; заработок
to occur-1) бывать; 2) возникать; 3) встречаться
retained earnings-нераспределенная прибыль
statement of financial performance-отчет о финансовых результатах
general ledger-главная книга, общий гроссбух
chart of accounts-план счетов, план счетов бухгалтерского учета
2.Read and translate the text:
The basic concepts of accounting as we understand them today were first published
his book on applied mathematics. Pacioli was a Franciscan monk whose life and
work was dedicated to the glory of God.
Accounting is the process of measuring and recording the financial value of the
assets and liabilities of a business and monitoring these values as they change with
the passage of time. When we refer to a business we could be referring to an
individual, a company or any other entity for which accounting records are to be
kept (for example a church, club or other non-profit organization).
The assets of a business are those things that belong to the business that have a
positive financial value i.e. items that could be sold by the business in exchange for
money. Examples of assets include land, buildings, vehicles, stock, equipment, rare
gold coins, bank accounts with positive balances and money owed to the business
The liabilities of a business are those things that belong to the business but unlike
assets have a negative financial value i.e. items that will require the payment of
money by the business at some point in the future. Examples of liabilities include
unpaid bills, unpaid taxes, unpaid wages, rusty motor vehicles, stock that has
passed its use-by date, overdrawn bank accounts and money owed by the business
The equity of a business is defined as the value of the assets minus the value of the
liabilities. In other words the equity is the financial value that would be left if all
the assets were sold and the money from the sale was used to pay off all the
liabilities. Another way of expressing this is to say that the equity is the amount of
money that would be released if the business was to be wound up.
The assets, liabilities and equity of a business are all financial measurements that
relate to a particular point in time. The financial statement that is used to present
this information is known as the balance sheet. The balance sheet is a statement of
the assets, liabilities and equity of a business as they exist at a particular point in
The relationship between the assets, the liabilities and the equity can be
represented algebraically by what is commonly known as the accounting equation.
If we use the letter A to represent the assets, the letter L to represent the liabilities
and the letter P to represent the equity then the accounting equation is P = A – L.
This equation states that the equity is the value of the assets minus the value of the
liabilities. This equation is more commonly written as A = L + P.
This equation states that the value of the assets is equal to the value of the
liabilities plus the equity. This is just another way of saying the same thing.
Because the equity is defined as the value of the assets minus the value of the
liabilities then this equation is always true by definition.
A balance sheet is commonly divided into two sections. One section shows the
value of the assets and the other section shows the value of the liabilities and the
equity. Each section will be broken down into more or less detail depending on the
intended use of the balance sheet. Because the accounting equation is always true
the totals of each of the two sections of the balance sheet should always be the
same i.e. the balance sheet should always be in balance.
The financial measurements we have looked at so far are used to describe the
financial position of a business at a particular point in time. For this reason the
balance sheet is also known as the statement of financial position. It presents a
summary of the business’ financial position at a particular point in time. However
in order to gain a complete financial picture of a business we need to recognize that
the financial position of the business is undergoing constant change.
As a business engages in various commercial activities such as buying, selling,
manufacturing, maintaining equipment, paying rent and other expenses, borrowing,
lending or investing then the value of the assets, liabilities and equity will change
and these changes will have an effect on the balance sheet. The only thing we can
be sure about at any point in time is that the accounting equation A = L + P will
always apply. In other words even though the balance sheet is always changing
from day to day we can be certain that it will always balance or should do so if it
has been prepared correctly.
Recognizing that the financial position of a business is constantly changing leads
us to the definition of two additional financial measurements that relate to a period
of time (unlike assets, liabilities and equity that relate to a particular point in time.)
The income of a business is the sum of those things that increase the value of the
assets without any corresponding increase in the liabilities or any new investment
by the owners of the business. Examples include revenue from the sale of goods,
equipment or services supplied, rent or interest received and capital gains.
The expenses of a business are those things that reduce the value of the assets
without any corresponding reduction in the liabilities or any capital drawings by
the owners. Examples include the cost of stock and raw materials, rent or interest
paid, electricity bills, telephone, wages, taxes, dividends, depreciation and
donations to charity.
The income and expenses of a business are financial measurements that relate to a
specified period of time rather than a specific point in time. The financial statement
that is used to present this information is known as the income statement. The
income statement is a statement of the income and expenses of a business as they
occur during a specific period.
If we use the letter I to represent the income over a specified period of time and the
letter E to represent the expenses over that same period we can represent the
relationship between the assets, the liabilities, the equity, the income and the
expenses by using a modified form of the accounting equation as follows A = L +
This equation states that the value of the assets is equal to the value of the
liabilities plus the equity plus the excess of income over expenses. Another way of
writing this equation is A + E = L + P + I.
This equation states that the value of the assets plus the expenses is equal to the
value of the liabilities plus the equity plus the income. This is just another way of
saying the same thing. However it is helpful to express it in this way when we
come to consider the practice of book-keeping below.
The income statement is commonly divided into two sections in a similar fashion
to the balance sheet. One section shows the total income and the other section
shows the total expenses. Like the balance sheet each section will be broken down
into more or less detail depending on its intended use. However unlike the balance
sheet the totals of each of the two sections are unlikely to be the same. The
difference will usually be shown as a separate item at the bottom of the income
statement and if the total income exceeds the total expenses it will be given a title
such as retained earnings, net profit or excess of income over expenditure. If the
total expenses exceed the total income it will instead be called something like
retained loss, net loss or excess of expenditure over income.
Income and expenses are financial measurements that relate to the performance of
a business during a specified period of time. For this reason the income statement
is also known as the statement of financial performance. It describes the
performance of a business during a specified period. It is sometimes also referred
to as the profit and loss statement.
In order to produce a balance sheet or an income statement it is necessary to have a
systematic method of recording all the activities or events that have an effect on
the financial measurements (A, L, P, I and E) described above. Traditionally these
events were entered by hand into a set of books or accounts. More recently it has
become common practice to enter these into a computer accounting system. Each
entry is referred to as an entry and the practice of maintaining these entries in the
accounts is referred to as book-keeping. The act of placing a particular entry into
an account is known as posting. The total of all the entries in an account is known
as the balance of that account. The accounts themselves are referred to collectively
as the general ledger or sometimes just the ledger.
Because each business will have different assets, liabilities, income, expenses and
equity categories the accounts it uses to record its activities will vary from one
business to another. This set of accounts that a business creates in the general
ledger is known as the chart of accounts.
Each account in the ledger will be categorized into one of the five types of
financial measurements described above (A, L, P, I or E.) Because the accounting
equation A + E = L + P + I.
is always true the total of all the A and E account balances in the ledger must be
equal to the total of all the L, P and I account balances if the ledger is to represent a
logically correct picture of the finances of the business. If this is the case then we
say that the accounts are in balance or that the ledger is in balance. For the ledger
to remain in balance whenever an entry is posted to an account matching account
entries must be posted at the same time to ensure that the total of the A and E
account balances remain the same as the total of the L, P and I account balances.
For this reason book-keeping is often referred to as double-entry book-keeping.
Most postings consist of two entries but there is no reason why there cannot be
three or more entries posted at the same time provided that the ledger remains in
Traditionally a report was prepared showing the total of the A and E account
balances and the total of the L, P and I account balances to ensure that these totals
were the same. This report was known as a trial balance. Because most computer
accounting systems will not allow entries to be posted unless the accounts remain
in balance this has in many ways obviated the need for a trial balance.
An entry that increases the balance of an A or E account or reduces the balance of
an L, P or I account is known as a debit. An entry that reduces the balance of an A
or E account or increases the balance of an L, P or I account is referred to as a
credit. Traditionally hand-written books were divided into two columns. Debits
were entered into the left-hand column and credits into the right. In fact the
traditional definition of a debit is an entry on the left-hand side of an account.
Conversely a credit was defined as an entry on the right-hand side of an account. In
order for the ledger to remain in balance the total debits must equal the total
It is interesting to note that neither of these definitions of debit and credit are
intuitive or immediately obvious. Neither can they be deduced easily from their
commonly understood meanings. This partly explains why students who are
learning accounting for the first time have difficulty understanding the meaning of
debits and credits. The traditional definitions come from the commonly established
practice of manual double-entry book-keeping that puts debits on the left and
credits on the right.
It is worthwhile repeating the more precise definitions of debit and credit given
above as they are derived from the accounting equation since familiarity with them
is essential for a proper application of accounting practice to the process of setting
up and maintaining a general ledger.
A debit is an entry in a general ledger account that increases its balance if it is an A
or E account and reduces its balance if it is an L, P or I account.
A credit is an entry in a general ledger account that reduces its balance if it is an A
or E account and increases its balance if it is an L, P or I account.
3.Answer the questions:
1. Who invented the basic concepts of modern accounting?
2. What does the process of accounting imply?
3. What does the assets mean?
4. What are the liabilities of a business?
5. What is the equity?
6. What is a balance sheet?
7. What is the income of a business?
8. What are the expenses of a business?
9. What is the income statement?
10. What is a debit?
11. What is a credit?
Тема 4: «Auditing. Introduction»
содержать; 2) объединяться
2. Read and translate the text:
«In God we trust, all others we audit». This quote sums up a basic viewpoint of
some professionals towards auditing. Auditing has existed in one form or another
since ancient times. Records show that auditing activity was part of early life in
Babylonia, China, Greece, and Rome. One ancient meaning for the word «auditor»
was a »hearer or listener». In Rome, auditors heard transactions as they took place.
They observed the events as they happened and were able to recount the
responsibilities and obligations to which each party was bound.
Modern auditing, as defined by the American Accounting Association, is a
systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding
assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of
correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and
communicating the results to interested users.
An examination of the definition of auditing reveals that there are three key aspects
of the definition. First, auditing is not an activity which can be performed in a
haphazard manner, it is a systematic process based on logic and reasoning.
Second, during an examination of financial statements the auditor objectively
obtains and evaluates evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and
events embodied in the financial statements to ascertain the degree of
correspondence between those assertions and established criteria. In the audit of
financial statements prepared by a company, the established criteria are generally
accepted accounting principles (GAAP). That is, the financial statements must be
prepared in accordance with GAAP. Consequently, the auditor must obtain and
evaluate evidence to determine whether the assertions (the elements of the
financial statements) meet the established criteria (GAAP).
The third and final key aspect of the definition is that auditing involves
communicating the results of the audit to interested users. The auditor
communicates the findings of the audit process by issuing an audit report. In the
audit report, the auditor gives an opinion as to whether the assertions are reported
in accordance with the established criteria. For example, in the audit of financial
statements the auditor issues an audit report which describes the scope of the
examination in the first paragraph and states in the last paragraph whether in his or
her opinion the financial statements are fairly presented in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What did auditors do in the ancient Rome?
2. What is the essence of the modern auditing?
3. What are the three key aspects of the definition of auditing?
Тема 5: «Financial Audit»
1. Active vocabulry:
2. Read and translate the text:
A financial audit is the examination of financial records and reports of a company
or organisation, in order to verify that the figures in the financial reports are
relevant, accurate, and complete. The general focus is to ensure the reported
financial statements fairly represent a company’s stated condition for the firm’s
stakeholders. These stakeholders will be interested parties, such as stockholders,
employees, regulators, and the like.
Doing a financial audit is called the «attest» function. The general purpose is for an
independent party (the CPA firm) to provide written assurance (the audit report)
that financial reports are «fairly presented in conformity with generally accepted
Because of major accounting scandals (failure by CPA firms to detect widespread
fraud), assessing internal control procedures has increased in magnitude as a part
of financial audits.
Financial audits are typically done by external auditors (accountancy firms). Many
organizations, including most very large organizations, also employ or hire internal
auditors, who do not attest to financial reports. Internal auditors often assist
external auditors, and, in theory, since both do internal control work, their efforts
should be coordinated.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is a financial audit?
2. What is the general purpose of audit?
3. Who typically does financial audits?
Тема 6: «Process of Audit»
1. Active vocabulary:
2. Read and translate the text:
A financial audit is usually done annually through 3 main steps.
This is the first approach to the company. It usually covers the first half of the
financial year. For instance, if a company closes its accounts yearly on December
31, the interim review will cover January to June.
The purpose is to understand the business of the company, the environment in
which it operates (this includes aspects such as competition, legal requirements,
economy, etc), what its main issues are to figure out what audit risks are from an
audit point of view. This means, auditors will have to find what kind of mistake
(on purpose or not) could be done in this company. For instance, if the income of
sales representatives is directly linked to the sales they generate (it’s of course
never the case), they could try to overstate their figures, leading to an abnormally
high income. To assess the internal control procedures (checks on the firms
internal processes, such as inventory) actually in place. This is an important step as
it will allow later to determine if one should carry out basic or advanced
investigations. Indeed, if the internal control procedures seem to be reliable, this
means there is no need to check accounts further.
This audit precedes the closing date. For a company closing on December 31, the
Hard Close would typically occur using numbers as of November 30. Note: some
hard closes are performed using the numbers as of the preceding quarter end (i.e. in
the above example as of September 30). The purpose is to audit all movements
year to date. This audit step is not on the audit during Final.
This is the latest step of the audit, usually some weeks after the closing. Thanks to
the work already done during the Hard Close, only the remaining range between
the date of the Hard Close and the closing has to be audited.
RATIONALE FOR AUDITING
Audit has some specific features throughout the world but has some main
components. One of the main problems in audit is the conflict between the need to
control a company and the business relationship. On the one hand, the audit
company has to thoroughly check the books, but on the other hand, it has to keep
its customer that is its source of revenue. In practical terms, this means that the
audit company will try to protect itself by carrying out the minimum checks, but if
it has a slight doubt, it won’t go further if the client is a bit reluctant to give out
3. Answer the questions:
1. What are the three main steps of financial audit?
2. What is the purpose of the interim review?
3. Describe the audit step called “hard close”.
4. What is the latest step of the audit?
5. What are the main problems in audit?
2) занесение [запись] на счет; запись в долг, долг; дебетовая запись, запись по
дебету (счета по учету расходов)
действие (закон и т.п.)
из контракта и т. д.)
занимать (деньги); 3) собирать (налоги)
содействие); 4) представлять
2. Read and translate the text:
A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal
entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e.g., tribes, secessionist
movements or revolutionary movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a
Taxes may be paid in cash or in kind or as corvee labor. In modern capitalist
taxation systems, taxes are designed to encourage the most efficient circulation of
goods and services and are levied in cash. In kind and corvee taxation are
characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents.
The means of taxation, and the uses to which the funds raised through taxation
should be put, are a matter of hot dispute in politics and economics, so discussions
of taxation are frequently tendentious.
Public finance is the field of political science and economics that deals with
HISTORY OF TAXATION
Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-
monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation
in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe.
In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming
developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy
across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the
government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised.
Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of
taxes, through Jesus’s words «Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s».
There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not
explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating
their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory,
since the government’s (usually the Crown’s) independent income sources
depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in
Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today,
such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War
(1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for
weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in
1917 as a «temporary» tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government
expenses resulting from World War I.
The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It
was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates
varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax Code has been modified
and new taxes have been added, especially over the World War I and II periods.
Since World War II, the American Tax Code has increased in size four-fold.
3. Answer the questions:
1.What is the definition of a tax?
2.How can taxes be paid?
3. How were taxes paid in medieval Europe?
4.Why were many taxes originally introduced?
5.What kind of document describes what taxes people have to pay?
Тема 8: «Origin of money»
2.Read and translate the text:
There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is
often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their
first appearance was probably in Asia in the 7th century BC. And whether these
coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned.
To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by
money. We will return to this issue shortly. But with any reasonable definition the
first use of money is as old as human civilization. The early Persians deposited
their grain in state or church granaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as
methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins.
Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of
withdrawal – thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact,
during Alexander the Great’s period, the granaries were linked together, making
checks in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British checks in the 1980s.
However, money is older than written history. Recent anthropological and
linguistic research indicates that not only is money very old, but it’s origin has
little to do with trading, thus contradicting another common myth. Rather, money
was first used in a social setting. Probably at first as a method of punishment.
Early Stone Age man began the use of precious metals as money. Until the
invention of coins, metals were weighed to determine their value. Counting is of
course more practical, the first standardized ingots appeared around 2200 BC.
Other commonplace objects were subsequently used in the abstract sense, for
example miniature axes, nails, swords, etc.
Full standardization arrived with coins, approximately 700 BC. The first printed
money appeared in China, around 800 AD. The first severe inflation was in the
11th century AD. The Mongols adapted the bank note system in the 13th century,
which Marco Polo wrote about. The Mongol bank notes were “legal tender”, i.e. it
was a capital offense to refuse them as payment. By the late 1400s, centuries of
inflation eliminated printed bank notes in China. They were reinvented in Europe
in the 17th century.
3.Answer the questions:
1. Are the concepts of money and coinage the same?
2. How old is the first money?
3. What did early Stone Age men use as money?
4. Where and when did the first bank notes appear?
5. When and where was the printed money reinvented?